HTML, CSS e JavaScript: frontend para desenvolvedores Python

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HTML, CSS, e JavaScript são tecnologias tradicionais de frontend em aplicativos web. Para desenvolvedores Python, conhecê-las é essencial para criar apps profissionais.

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Python é uma linguagem de programação muito usada para desenvolvimento web. Porém, geralmente ele atua no backend através de frameworks como Django e Flask, realizando tarefas de automação, segurança, roteamento, entre outras. Desenvolver aplicativos web com Python é uma atividade profissional atraente. Mas existe um pequeno problema para muitos desenvolvedores Python: o frontend.

Embora o Python conte com opções como Streamlit e Kivy, em muitas situações elas são limitadas. Quando precisamos desenvolver aplicativos grandes usando frameworks como Django, as tecnologias tradicionais (HTML, CSS, e JavaScript) de frontend são essenciais.

Para esses casos, ter uma compreensão de como o frontend funciona é importante. Por isso, neste post, faremos uma pequena introdução aos conceitos básicos sobre frontend para familiarizar aqueles que não conhecem nada sobre o assunto.

Diferenciação entre Frontend e Backend

Frontend refere-se às partes de um site ou aplicativo web com as quais um usuário interage diretamente e vê em seu navegador. Isso inclui os elementos visuais, o layout e os componentes interativos que compõem a interface e a experiência do usuário. Por outro lado, backend refere-se à lógica do lado do servidor que lida com o processamento de solicitações, algoritmos e interações de banco de dados que alimentam um aplicativo, mas que não são diretamente visíveis para o usuário.

Tecnologias tradicionais de frontend: HTML, CSS, e JavaScript

O frontend tradicional é feito principalmente usando HTML, CSS e JavaScript. Eles são os blocos de construção fundamentais das páginas da web. HTML é a linguagem de marcação padrão para páginas da web. Ele define sua estrutura e conteúdos. CSS é a linguagem usada para estilizar um documento HTML. Comandos CSS descrevem como os elementos HTML devem ser exibidos. JavaScript é uma das linguagens de programação mais populares do mundo e é responsável por adicionar interatividade e comportamento dinâmico aos aplicativos web.

Arquivos Básicos

É possível desenvolver páginas da web incluindo o conteúdo de CSS e JavaScript diretamente nos códigos de HTML. Mas a boa prática recomenda separar os três em arquivos diferentes. Em consequência, para uma aplicação web padrão, é comum a existência de pelo menos três arquivos, como mostrado na imagem.

Os nomes mostrados (index.html, main.js e style.css) são comumente encontrados em aplicativos web. Se você quiser acompanhar esse post na prática, basta criar os três arquivos indicados numa pasta qualquer. Não será preciso instalar nada.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

Para essa etapa, modificaremos o arquivo index.html. HTML define o conteúdo e os elementos exibidos numa página da web. Seu arquivo inicia com uma Declaração de Tipo de Documento (DOCTYPE) que especifica o tipo de documento como HTML. Ela ajuda o navegador a interpretar o código corretamente.

Em seguida, o elemento raiz HTML é definido com tags <html></html>. Esse elemento atua como o contêiner para todo o documento HTML. Tudo relacionado à estrutura da página web fica dentro das tags html de abertura e fechamento, inclusive algumas tags meta de definições básicas. Veja no trecho abaixo como um arquivo HTML deve ser iniciado com os elementos mencionados.

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
  
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Para quem usa VS Code, basta digitar exclamação (!) e apertar Enter que os elementos básicos de um arquivo HTML mostrados acima são automaticamente preenchidos.

Tags de HTML

HTML usa tags para determinar os tipos de seus elementos. Existem tags para especificar títulos, parágrafos, imagens, listas e muito mais. Essas tags definem o significado e a finalidade do conteúdo de um elemento, mas não afetam seu estilo visual.

Geralmente, uma tag ocorre em par, com um elemento indicando sua abertura (<tag>) e outro indicando o fechamento (</tag>). Todos os elementos visuais de uma página web são definidos com tags HTML. No exemplo abaixo no arquivo index.html, definimos um H1, um parágrafo com texto apenas ilustrativo, um H2, um botão e uma imagem. A imagem conta com um atributo src (source) que aponta para sua URL. Copie todo o trecho mostrado no seu arquivo index.html e salve-o.

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
      <h1>Exemplo de tag H1</h1>
    <p>
      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Vel atque ipsum
      pariatur aut eum sunt alias quisquam dolor odio sint tempore deleniti,
      amet facere, incidunt cupiditate ipsam doloribus dicta consequatur.
    </p>
    <h2>Exemplo de tag H2</h2>
    <button>clique aqui</button>
    <noscript><img decoding="async"
      src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
    /></noscript><img class="lazyload" decoding="async"
      src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20210%20140%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
    />
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Para abrir um HTML, basta clicar nele e ele abrirá diretamente no navegador. Para quem usa VS Code, existe uma extensão chamada Live Server que exibe o conteúdo do HTML no navegador e o atualiza sempre que uma modificação é salva. Se você abrir o arquivo clicando diretamente nele, precisará recarregá-lo toda vez que ele for alterado para as modificações aparecerem. Veja o resultado do nosso HTML abaixo.

Como usar arquivos HTML, CSS e JavaScript em conjunto

Quando os comandos de CSS e JavaScript são mantidos em arquivos separados, eles devem ser importados no HTML. Arquivos de CSS são geralmente importados no início do HTML logo abaixo das tags meta, como mostrado abaixo (linha 6), enquanto arquivos JavaScript são importados mais no final (linha 21 abaixo), antes do fechamento da tag body. Veja que, diferentemente do CSS, o JavaScript precisa ser tratado como um script por ser uma linguagem de programação.

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
  <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
      <h1>Exemplo de tag H1</h1>
    <p>
      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Vel atque ipsum
      pariatur aut eum sunt alias quisquam dolor odio sint tempore deleniti,
      amet facere, incidunt cupiditate ipsam doloribus dicta consequatur.
    </p>
    <h2>Exemplo de tag H2</h2>
    <button>clique aqui</button>
    <noscript><img decoding="async"
      src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
    /></noscript><img class="lazyload" decoding="async"
      src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20210%20140%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
    />  <script defer 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Tag, class e id

Tanto CSS quanto JavaScript podem manipular elementos de HTML. O CSS manipula seus estilos enquanto o JavaScript confere dinamismo e interatividade a eles. Para realizar essas manipulações, ambos acessam os elementos de HTML usando suas tags ou outros dois identificadores: class e id. Class e id são opcionais em elementos de HTML. Um id é um identificador exclusivo para um único elemento na página, enquanto uma class (classe) pode ser aplicada a vários elementos. Um elemento só pode ter um valor de id, mas pode ter vários valores de classe. No código abaixo, modificamos nossos elementos HTML para incluir identificadores class (nas tags H1 e H2) e id (na imagem e no botão).

				
					<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
    <title>Document</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1 class="h-text">Exemplo de tag H1</h1>
    <p>
      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Vel atque ipsum
      pariatur aut eum sunt alias quisquam dolor odio sint tempore deleniti,
      amet facere, incidunt cupiditate ipsam doloribus dicta consequatur.
    </p>
    <h2 class="h-text">Exemplo de tag H2</h2>
    <button id="btn">clique aqui</button>
    <noscript><img decoding="async"
      src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
      id="img"
    /></noscript><img class="lazyload" decoding="async"
      src='data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20viewBox=%220%200%20210%20140%22%3E%3C/svg%3E' data-src="https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
      id="img"
    />  <script defer 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CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

CSS controla a apresentação do conteúdo HTML, fornecendo estilos visuais como fontes, cores, layout, margens e posicionamento dos componentes de uma página ou aplicativo. Um arquivo CSS é composto de alguns componentes-chave.

1. Seletores: Os seletores são a base do CSS. Eles informam ao navegador a quais elementos HTML os estilos serão aplicados. Existem diferentes tipos de seletores:

Seletores de tags: selecionam elementos HTML por seu nome de tag (por exemplo, h1, p, img).

Seletores de classe: selecionam elementos com uma classe (class) CSS específica atribuída usando um ponto (.nome-da-classe).

Seletores de ID: selecionam um elemento exclusivo usando seu id atribuído com um hash (#nome-do-id).

2. Declarações: As declarações definem os estilos que serão aplicados aos elementos selecionados. Elas consistem em pares propriedade-valor:

Propriedade: especifica a propriedade CSS que será estilizada, como tamanho da fonte, cor, cor de background, margem, etc.

Valor: atribui um valor à propriedade, definindo como o estilo será aplicado (por exemplo, 16px para o tamanho da fonte, vermelho para a cor).

Cada par propriedade-valor define uma única regra de estilo. Eles são escritos entre chaves {} após o seletor como ilustrado abaixo.

				
					/* CSS */
seletor {
  propriedade: valor;
}

Adicionando CSS

Para que esses conceitos se tornem mais claros, modificaremos nosso arquivo CSS. No arquivo CSS (style.css), primeiro importamos uma fonte retirada do site Google Fonts.

				
					@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;0,900;1,100;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,700;1,900&display=swap");

O elemento que manipularemos primeiro é a tag body, que afeta todo o corpo da página. Usamos pares propriedade-valor para definir a fonte dos textos, a orientação e disposição dos elementos. Note a forma em que essas definições são feitas. A tag body especifica o alvo do estilo. Os pares propriedade-valor (por exemplo, align-items: center) determinam quais propriedades da tag serão estilizadas e com quais valores.

Para você entender o que cada um desses pares faz no exemplo mostrado abaixo, o melhor é adicioná-los gradualmente, salvar o arquivo e verificar as mudanças diretamente no navegador. Por exemplo, a propriedade height (altura) aparece com o valor 100 vh. O termo vh se refere à altura total que deve conter nosso conteúdo (100%). Você pode mudar esse valor para entender como isso afeta a disposição dos elementos.

				
					body {
  font-family: "Roboto", sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  height: 100vh;
  margin: 0;
}

Em seguida, usamos a classe h-text como seletor para modificar a cor dos elementos H1 e H2 simultaneamente. Quando estilizamos um elemento em CSS usando sua classe, é preciso colocar um ponto antes de seu nome.

				
					.h-text {
  color: rgb(0, 110, 255);
}

O seletor id btn é utilizado para manipular o aspecto do botão da página. O uso de id como seletor requer o símbolo hash (#). Abaixo, definimos vários pares propriedade-valor para alterar o botão como cor (background-color), a cor da fonte (color), tamanho do texto (font-size), inserir padding e margem e remover a borda original (border: none).

				
					#btn {
  font-size: 15px;
  color: white;
  border: none;
  padding: 10px 15px;
  margin: 5px;
  background-color: rgb(0, 110, 255);
}

Por fim, usamos o id da imagem para definir sua largura como 50vw, o que significa que ela deve sempre ocupar metade da largura do viewport.

				
					#img {
  width: 50vw;
}

Esse é o aspecto da página após a inclusão das manipulações de estilo com CSS.

JavaScript

JavaScript adiciona interatividade e comportamento dinâmico às páginas da web. Assim como ocorre com CSS, JavaScript pode usar tags, class e id dos elementos de HTML para aplicar variações dinâmicas específicas. Para nosso exemplo, faremos uma modificação simples: trocaremos a imagem da página toda vez que o botão for clicado. No arquivo main.js, precisamos especificar o botão e a imagem como variáveis.

Variáveis em JavaScript são definidas geralmente com a palavra-chave let ou const. Nossas duas variáveis serão const. Elas são definidas com o método getElementById, que usa o id dos elementos para acessá-los. Note o uso do objeto document. Ele representa a página web. Você pode entender uma das linhas de comandos abaixo mais ou menos como: pegue na página do HTML o elemento com id btn e crie uma variável do tipo const com o mesmo nome.

				
					const btn = document.getElementById("btn");
const img = document.getElementById("img");

JavaScript: addEventListener

Após declarar as constantes, incluímos um addEventListener na variável que representa o botão da página. Esse método é muito comum em códigos JavaScript. Ele escuta eventos no elemento-alvo como cliques, movimentos do mouse e teclado. Para nosso caso, ele escutará cliques e chamará uma função quando eles ocorrerem.

A função que definimos é simples e não precisa ter um nome. Basta usar a palavra-chave function e parenteses e o JavaScript entende que estamos criando uma função. Essa função usa if else para verificar se a URL da imagem da nossa página é um endereço específico. Se for, ao ouvir um clique no botão, ela muda para uma imagem com outra URL. Caso contrário, ela muda para a imagem original.

				
					btn.addEventListener("click", function () {
  if (
    img.src ===
    "https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1"
  ) {
    img.src =
      "https://images.pexels.com/photos/270756/pexels-photo-270756.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1";
  } else {
    img.src =
      "https://images.pexels.com/photos/572897/pexels-photo-572897.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&w=1260&h=750&dpr=1";
  }
});

Note que o operador de igualdade do JavaScript usa 3 sinais de igual e não apenas 2 como no Python. Outra diferença importante é o uso de chaves e parenteses para delimitar funções e condicionais ao invés da indentação do Python.

Com a implementação dessa função, nosso código está pronto. Salve tudo, acesse a página no navegador e veja a imagem mudar com os cliques do botão.

Conclusão

Nesse post, fizemos uma introdução básica ao HTML, CSS e JavaScript, as três tecnologias tradicionais de frontend. HTML define a estrutura e o conteúdo de uma página da Web. CSS é usado para estilizar um documento HTML. JavaScript é responsável por adicionar interatividade e comportamento dinâmico aos aplicativos web. Embora eles possam parecer complicados à primeira vista, na prática, eles não são difíceis para quem conhece Python.